While South Dakota teachers have earned raises over the past two years courtesy of a new half-cent sales tax, school districts across the state continue to struggle with their budgets.
Nominal increases in state aid to education have crippled local budgets and caused many districts to consider significant programming cuts or opt-outs to raise additional funds.
More than 44 percent of South Dakota’s 149 school districts currently have opt-outs in place, allowing them to raise additional operating funds by levying taxes on property owners within their district. And, with meager increases in state funding in recent years, education officials and superintendents across the state expect that opt-out trend to continue or even grow.
“Two years ago, we got a 0.3 percent increase in state aid, and the 2018 legislative session did a 1 percent increase plus 0.7 percent in one-time dollars,” said Wade Pogany, executive director of the Associated School Boards of South Dakota. “If you’re a school district, you can’t live on .3 and 1 percent increases. That just doesn’t work. It’s hard to keep up with costs and current programs with those types of increases.”
South Dakota law provides the opt-out mechanism for school districts to raise additional revenues for their general funds beyond the amount generated by the existing tax levy and money from state aid. An opt-out allows the district to impose a higher tax levy.
After an opt-out is approved by the school board, district patrons can refer it to a public vote.
Pogany, whose nonprofit organization represents more than 850 local school board members, said 66 South Dakota school districts presently have opt-outs in place, and many others have diverted dollars from their capital outlay accounts to cover shortfalls in their general fund.
“A lot of folks are looking at this,” he said. “This will affect schools in the future.”
Although the state Legislature pumped an additional $65 million into education in 2016, courtesy of a new half-cent sales tax, 85 percent of those new revenues were mandated for teacher salary increases, Pogany said. Although that pay raise moved South Dakota teachers from 51st to 48th in the nation in teacher compensation, over the past two years school districts have worked to give comparable raises to administrators, para-professionals, bus drivers and lunchroom staff, he said.
While some districts, including Brookings and Spearfish, have experienced increasing student enrollment and thus, have received increased state aid, many rural districts are facing a decidedly different situation.
“The rural nature of the state and our small schools, many with declining enrollment, means there are a lot of pressures when those factors are in place,” Pogany said. “They’re struggling. Unless you have more kids, you scramble to get as many tax dollars as you can.”
Approval can take time
Faced with a district that has grown by 173 students over the last decade, West Central School District brought an opt-out question to voters two years ago. The measure was defeated, putting the district on fragile financial footing and leading its school board to consider major cuts to programming and staff.
“The previous superintendent, school board and business manager all did their very best to keep expenditures down,” said West Central Superintendent Brad Berens, who recently completed his first year at the district which includes the towns of Hartford and Humboldt. “But, we were still faced with going into reserves and transferring $200,000 from our capital outlay budget to the general fund.”
Among those potential cutbacks were eliminating art instruction ($48,000), nixing a full-time English teacher at the high school ($52,000), reducing maintenance and custodians ($80,000), dropping gymnastics and replacement athletic uniforms ($46,000), and various other cost-saving measures that totaled $284,000 annually.
“We tried to get accurate information out to the public and we held sessions for the public to give input on what they believed were the priorities for our school district,” said Berens. “We also shared with the public what would be cut if the opt-out failed.”
Faced with staff reductions and programs on the chopping block, West Central voters returned to the ballot booths in May and approved a $400,000 per year, four-year opt-out that secured those positions and programs for the foreseeable future. The vote was 777-435 in favor of the measure.
“I know that many schools have tried an opt-out and failed,” Berens said. “West Central had that same situation two years ago. I find it encouraging that the voters have agreed to increase their investment in providing quality educational services for the students of the West Central School District.”
When an opt-out fails
Brookings School District was facing budgetary challenges far beyond increased student enrollment when it sought approval from voters in April for a $5.1 million-maximum annual opt-out lasting 10 years.
“What we’ve seen over the past four years is about 8 percent growth in our student population,” said Brookings Superintendent Klint Willert. “In that same period, however, we’ve seen a 28 percent increase in the number of students with some type of special education need, and at the same time, about a 120 percent increase in students who are non-English speakers.
“So, our demographics in the Brooking School District are changing pretty significantly,” he said. “In the midst of all that, we serve ‘504-plan’ children, students not identified with special education needs, but with something that’s happened to them that affects a major life function.”
In a presentation prepared for voters in advance of the municipal election, Brookings School District noted that its 2017 enrollment stood at 3,421. But that number was projected to blossom to 3,775 by 2025.
Added funding from the proposed opt-out would have supported three key areas according to the plan:
• Student support and instruction, including reading teachers, reading interventionists to assist struggling students, certified librarians, counselors, nurses, technology support, an alternative education school, remedial summer school and class-size reductions
• Staff support to include reading coaches, staff development, elementary curriculum director, a director of career and technical education, instructional coaches, a dean of students, and a behavior room for students
• Improvements to district operations, including a new human resources director, a foundation executive director and bolstered transportation operations.
In addition, opt-out funds would have been used to erase a projected deficit of $185,000; address the eventual loss of the district’s pension fund; eliminate the district’s current use of $300,000 of capital outlay funds for its general fund; and provide two additional classroom teachers at a projected cost of $123,000.
The opt-out would have resulted in less than $40 per month in added property taxes on a home with a taxable valuation of $200,000, according to district estimates.
But, when voters went to the polls on April 10 to determine the fate of the opt-out, they rejected it by nearly a 3-1 margin. With nearly 3,700 votes cast, Brookings voted 2,768 (74.93 percent) against and 859 (25.25 percent) in favor. State law requires a two-thirds vote for a tax opt-out to pass.
“The plan was to create a sustainable future,” Willert said. “The Brookings School Board was committed to creating a sustainable and predictable funding source. We know legislatively that we haven’t had predictable funding. But, I was certainly hopeful that it would have been a different outcome.”
Brookings budget forecasts predict the school district is about two-and-a-half budget cycles “from having to make some very significant changes in our district,” Willert said. “We haven’t identified what likely will be cut, but when you consider that over 70 percent of the budget is people, that’s the logical place where the school district is going to have to go.”
The superintendent said he expected his school board would return to voters in the future with a more modest opt-out proposal.
“I can’t speak for the board, but I envision that somewhere down the road we will need to have that conversation,” he said. “If we are even going to maintain what we have, or improve some areas like career and technical education, we will have to seek another opt-out.”
A continuing trend
Pogany said he regularly fields budget questions from school board members and district superintendents asking, “What else can we do?”
“We’re watching this very carefully,” Pogany said. “The pressure points schools are facing means the trend toward opt-outs will increase. To maintain programs, you either have the state increasing funding or you use an opt-out, which can be subject to a vote of the taxpayers. The other option is significant cuts.”
Education funding is likely to be discussed in upcoming legislative sessions. The merits of the state’s current funding formula have been discussed by both candidates for governor. The formula is set to be reviewed later this year.
In the meantime, school boards and administrators will wrestle with solutions to budget challenges.
Pogany said voters rely on a variety of arguments to oppose an opt-out, including the “I don’t have kids in school phenomenon,” or “I’m not convinced you’ve made enough cuts.”
But, when voters reject an opt-out, he said, they must understand that the alternative faced by a school board is generally providing students with fewer programs and larger class sizes.
“That said, given what we’ve seen over the last 10 years, the trend of opt-outs will only continue to grow,” he said.
Maricarrol Kueter photo: Two years after a failed vote, West Central School District patrons in May approved a $400,000 opt-out.
